Alice in Wonderland Syndrome

 Alice in Wonderland syndrome is a condition in which you perceive objects or body parts as being much smaller or larger than they really are. This condition can cause seizures, intoxications, migraines/headaches and infections. The name comes from the movie Alice in Wonderland where the main character eats a small cake to either grow larger or become much smaller. These perceptions mostly occur at night. Along with visual hallucinations they may also suffer from auditory and tactile hallucinations. Brain tumors are the primary cause of this condition and the condition is relatively untreatable.

Alice in Wonderland syndrome: A rare neurological manifestation with microscopy in a 6-year-old child (nih.gov)

Post three: Anosmia

 Anosmia is known as the loss of your sense of smell. It can be a total or a partial loss of smell. It can be caused by a head injury, an upper respiratory infection, or some sort of blockage that occurs in your nose. I could not even imagine not being able to smell, I get upset when my allergies get heightened and I get clogged up because it causes me to not be able to smell and that is just temporary! I could not even imagine not being able to smell at all. I believe that sense of smell is one of the most important senses and Anosmia I’m sure is very hard to deal with for those who have it. Anosmia, if you have it, or it develops will surely change your life forever. Here is a little article I found on Webmd about what Anosmia is:

https://www.webmd.com/brain/anosmia-loss-of-smell

Post two: Tadoma

Tadoma is a method of lip reading in which touch is used by those who are deaf and blind to communicate with others who do not know sign language. Tadoma was used in our book and the author explains his experience with Tadoma being done to him by a blind and deaf individual. He told us about how the individual put his thumb vertically on his chin, and then curled his index finger under his chin, while the other three fingers rested on the author's Adam apple. I think that Tadoma is a really interesting thing to learn about and I had never heard of it before reading this book. I have never personally seen someone using this technique because nowadays there have been so many advancements in technology that Tadoma is rarely used. Here is a little article on Tadoma vs sign language: 

https://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/tadoma.htm

Post one: Echolocation

 Echolocation is using reflected sound to locate distant or invisible objects using sound waves and echoes. Clicking noises, and snapping are examples of echoes used. Many animals such as dolphins and bats use echolocation. I really enjoyed reading about how echolocation was used to lead a mountain bike trip, and I don't think I’d ever be able to do that myself. I had heard of echolocation before reading this book, but always thought it was something that only animals used, I never thought about human use of it. I thought it was cool that echolocation was used in the book for humans rather than animals for tasks such as roller skating, baseball, and even skateboarding. I think this technique is a really cool way for people to be able to use their environment to get around, we should all learn more about it and try using it to e hence our senses. Bellow is a cool factual article on echolocation:

https://www.britannica.com/science/echolocation

Hemispatial Neglect

 Hemispatial neglect is a condition where you essentially ignore half of the world. Those who suffer from this may only eat half the food on their plate despite still being hungry. They may only draw half a picture and not realize that it is not complete. This syndrome is a result from damage to the brain, mostly from strokes. About 48% of patients with right hemisphere strokes showed symptoms of neglect. In the article it is not specifically stated why the patient does this. There is not a problem with their sight, but how their brain is processing what their eyes are seeing. People who have this condition typically show motor weakness and cognitive deficits as well. 

Hemispatial neglect | Neurology

Prosopagnosia

 Prosopagnosia is a condition where you cannot recognize faces. Someone who suffers from this cannot identify a person based solely on their face. They do not recognize family or friends, so usually someone with this condition has anxiety with social interactions. Some cannot even recognize themselves. This is not due to an issue with the memory part of the brain. Rather abnormalities of one of the folds in the brain. This condition could result from stroke, traumatic brain injury, or you could be born with it. People who have this disorder use other things to identify people such as clothing, voice or other physical attributes. Many people who have autism also have this disorder which could account for the typical social aversion.

Prosopagnosia Information Page | National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (nih.gov)

John Bramblitt

 

This painting above was done by famed painter John Bramblitt. It's beautiful isn't it? Would you believe me if I told you that the artist was blind? He lost his sight at age 25 and took up painting. He has a really cool way that he is able to paint! He uses touch! He uses puffy paint to make the detailed outlines and lines of his beautiful paintings. He uses his right hand to hold the paint bottle and draw the lines. he left hand fingertips helps him for placement. He then uses oil paint because he's able to determine color by the viscosity of the paint. Though he lost his sight, he has enhanced touch sensitivity. He makes a great quote while being interviewed about his art. He says, "But when I lost my sight… my brain still made the images. It’s almost like when you’re dreaming, you see the world, and it seems very real to you. It’s because those images are coming from the same part of your brain as when you’re seeing with your eyes." The cross-modal plasticity of his brain allows him to be able to paint and get these images out of his mind. 

I've included the link to the interview. it's extremely interesting!

https://medium.com/demptyspace/painting-blind-with-visually-impaired-visual-artist-john-bramblitt-43bf07ec2e3d

This Does Not Taste Right!

 

Why does food taste great or nasty? Have you ever looked at something and automatically decide that it's not nasty without tasting it? That because taste involves more than what we place on our tongue. It involves our nose, eyes, ears and skin. According to Lawrence D. Rosenblum, we taste what we see, hear, touch, smell, expect and understand. 80% of what we taste comes from smell. If I bring you a plate of food and it smells sour, you won't eat even if I tell you that its your favorite food. According to Emma Sage, Coffee Science Manager, Specialty Coffee Association of America, taste can also be scene as a type of synesthesia. Sage says, "Those in the food research field have co-opted this definition to mean more of a general multi-modal experience, where the stimulation of one sense causes a perception in a different sense". After reading our book by Rosenblum and the article by Sage, I now know why I absolutely hate avocado. I hate the look of it and the texture when I touch it. It's reminiscent of baby poop. 

https://scanews.coffee/2012/07/06/the-tasting-experience-our-five-senses-and-some-of-the-ways-they-influence-each-other/

Can Ovulation Make Women More Attractive?

Ovulation occurs when the ovary releases a mature egg into the fallopian tube in hopes of becoming fertilized by sperm. This occurs about 14 days before her menses is due to start.  For women there are obvious signs when she is ovulating. Her basal temperature is greater, her cervical mucus is thicker she may experience some lower abdominal pain. There is another sign a woman is ovulating which is less obvious. According to research, a woman smells the most pleasant during ovulation. Now it isn't a dramatic change of smell or very overt but it is noticeable. One such research study was done by the Association of Psychological Science in 2009. This survey was done with men. One group was giving shirts worn by women during their cycle and another group was given shirts by women ovulating. It was concluded that the women who were ovulating raised the testosterone of the subjects simply by smelling their shirts. This is due to estrogen. The levels rise during ovulation.

 https://www.health.com/condition/sexual-health/can-men-smell-ovulation

https://www.webmd.com/women/news/20180917/fertile-females-smell-better-to-men

Mirroring, Mirror Neurons, and the Uncanny Valley

Have you ever noticed you and your best friend have similar mannerisms? Or how about the fact that you've picked up your friends accent when pronouncing certain words? What about the fact that someone you sat next to just yawned, and now you've done so as well? Well, you and/or your friend have fallen "victim" to mirroring, which occurs when the behavior of one person unconsciously imitates the various aspects (such as speech pattern or gestures) of another, it can be internal or external. We have mirror neurons to thank; these nerve cells become active when watching or hearing another person perform a task. They often respond to multi-sensory information for perceived events. Mirroring and mirror neurons allow us to better connect and understand those around us! It's completely healthy and normal, and is often attributed to establishing empathy, shown as a sign of trust, and facilitates positive behavior toward others.  

Not only does mirroring allow us to establish bonds, but it also allows us to experience a phenomenon called the uncanny valley. This occurs when we experience discomfort at humanoid forms, such as robots and animations, with nearly human characteristics. The uncanny valley ties into the discussion of mirror neurons as the degree of human realism is important to internally mirror the actions of others; if any face characteristic. is convincingly realistic, all other characteristic must be or else the humanoid is considered eerie. 

Photo Credit : WSJ

Here is a great video on mirror neurons : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGYKcqzG_7M

Works Cited

Green, H. [SciShow Psych]. (2019, June 17). What Do Mirror Neurons Really Do? [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pGYKcqzG_7M

Johnston, R. (2017, October 13). The Psychology of Mirroring. ImagineHealth. https://imaginehealth.ie/the-psychology-of-mirroring

Rosenblum, L.D. (2010). See What I'm Saying: The Extraordinary Powers of Our Five Senses. W.W. Norton & Company. 

Blog Post Three: Anosmia

 Anosmia is a condition in which an individual loses their sense of smell. In the case of Karl Wuensch, he lost his sense of smell due to large polyps on his sinuses along with swollen turbinates. He realized that he lost his sense of smell after eating a casserole that had gone bad and was unable to smell leaking propane. After being diagnosed, Wuensch took extra precautions when cooking and installed alarms that would help him detect things like fire and propane leaks. With treatment his smell did return but anosmia changed Wuensch’s life forever. One thing he found very important was the smell of people. He stated that his interactions with other people were not the same when he could not smell them. Although anosmia seems like a minor condition, it affects people's everyday lives in a big way.

Blog Post Two: Cross-Modal Plasticity

 Cross-modal plasticity is the ability of the brain to reorganize and make functional changes to compensate for a sensory deficit. For example in blind individuals, brain areas typically dedicated to visual perception often become co-opted by the auditory and the touch sense. Touching activates higher-level brain areas needed for recognition and reaction. In blindness, touch strongly activates visual brain areas. Activation of these visual regions might be essential to the enhanced touch skills of the blind. After years of being sightless. The unused visual brain is able to reassign itself to the service of touch.

Blog Post One: Prosopagnosia

Prosopagnosia is a neurological condition characterized by the inability to recognize the faces of similar people. People with this condition have difficulty recognizing family members, close friends and even themselves. Prosopagnosic's have a hard time knowing whether they have seen a face before which can result in a variety of social and relationship issues. People with this condition usually use non facial information to recognize people such as hair, clothing, and voice. Prosopagnosia results from problems in the face recognition network in the brain. Since there are many connections between areas that contribute to facial processing, there are many ways for the network to malfunction and cause prosopagnosia. 

References: 

https://www.faceblind.org/research/

Synesthesia

Synesthesia is a systematic and involuntary sensory experience induced by an unrelated stimulus. People with synesthesia, who are referred to as synesthetes,  have a neurological condition in which information stimulates many different senses. Some common forms of synesthesia include seeing a letter or number that induces a color, hearing sounds that induce color sensations, and more. It can be divided into "weak" and "strong" subcategories, in which strong is the aforementioned definition and weak is seen in everyones sense of cross-sensory correspondences. 

Photo Credit : The Triple Helix @ UChicago

There are many theories as to why this condition occurs such as retaining low-level, cross-sensory connections (that would typically sever during the later stages of infancy), or the lack of inhibiting processes that eliminate certain types of signals from flowing into or across sensory brain areas. It is interesting to note that "specific associations experienced by synesthetes may be based on their experience" (Rosenblum 284); An example of this association by experience can be found in the colorful letter and number magnets for the refrigerator that children use. A child sees that the letter "D" on the refrigerator is the color red - if the child is a synesthete, then as they grow older they will always see the letter D as red! This may differ from someone else who had a different set of fridge magnets, or no magnets at all, that instead see the color "D" as light blue. 

Photo Credit : 3 Cause - Synesthesia

A great video example that explains and allows you to experience synesthesia can be found by clicking the following link : https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkRbebvoYqI

Works Cited

Rosenblum, L. D. (2010). See What I'm Saying: The Extraordinary Powers of Our Five Senses. W.W. Norton & Company

TED-Ed. (2013, June 10). What Color is Tuesday? Exploring Synesthesia [Video]. Youtube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rkRbebvoYqI

Anosmia

   Anosmia 

Anosmia is the loss of sense of smell that could be total or partial. Anosmia may be caused by head injury, infection, or blockage of the nose. In chapter 3 of the book, we learn that Karl Wuensch becomes anosmic. According to the book, “ Wuensche anosmia as a result of large polyps in his sinuses as well as severely swollen turbinates ( the curved bone shelf that guides the air to nasal receptors” (Pg 67).  Wuensch was not aware of his anosmic until he was outside and the propane tank had heat rising from it and he made his wife and son see if they smelled a strange odor. 

Throughout the last year COVID has symptoms where you can lose the sense of smell which is anosmia. According to the article The Guardian (2021) states, “But over the past eight months, traditional medical perceptions of anosmia have changed, The Sars-CoV-2 virus has proved particularly adept at knocking out our sense of smell, and for the first time, the plight of people with smell loss has been thrust well and truly into the spotlight What we know today is that after two months, about half the people [..] still have impairments, and about 5-10% of those people have a serious impairment” (Para 8). This explains the anosmia that is happening currently with COVID and is recognized as a common symptom. 

Another resource I found talks about anosmia being the loss of smell for COVID. Anosmia happens in another virus too, but the way anosmia is affected in COVID is unique. Below I will attach the video explaining anosmia from COVID-19. I recommend watching it because it explains the process of losing your sense of smell. I recently went through this when having COVID last March, it took about three months for my sense of smell and taste to come back. You never realize how important your senses are until they are gone. 

                                                            Anosmia Images:

            

                                    References:

Guardian News and Media. (2020, December 5). Anosmia: how Covid brought loss of smell centre stage. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/dec/05/anosmia-how-covid-brought-loss-of-smell-centre-stage. 

Rosenblum, L. D. (2011). See what I'm saying: the extraordinary powers of our five senses. W.W. Norton. 

The Conversation. (2021). What happens when you lose your sense of smell due to Covid-19?. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjPsrHln0dA&t=6s.

Tadoma

  Tadoma 

Tadoma is a method of communication used by deaf-blind individuals. Tactical lipreading to a deaf-blind person puts their hands on the speaker's jaw, lip, or neck to feel vibrations. The technique that deaf-blind people do is to place their thumb on the speaker's lips and their fingers along the jawline. Next, the middle three fingers often fall along the speaker's cheek, with the finger picking up the vibrations of the speaker's throat. This technique is beneficial because it can turn to help retain speech skills

I never really knew there was a name for the technique. I have seen people do this at work. I  currently work as a pharmacy technician; one of the customers comes in for his medication with his aid, he always sometimes puts his thumb on his mouth to understand what is being talked about. I believe this is fantastic because it is a technique that overcomes challenges for deaf-blind individuals. I know individuals do not use this tactile, it is still a great sign of communication. According to the textbook, “ Other reasons the Tadoma skill is waning include the growing number of deaf-blind individuals receiving cochlear implants, and the choice of many deaf schools to deemphasize communication techniques other than sign language “ (Pg 152). 

Helen Keller did use this tactic and was the most famous person to use this. The resource I am attaching below talks about how Helen Keller talks to individuals. This video is unique because you're getting visibility of how the tactile is used and getting information about Helen Keller. Resources show that Helen using this tactile first word was water. I believe this is an incredible story and individuals should be educated on this tactile. 

          Tadoma Images:

                                                                References

Rosenblum, L. D. (2011). See what I'm saying: the extraordinary powers of our five senses. W.W. Norton. 

YouTube. (2014). How Helen Keller Learned to Talk. Helen Keller Channel. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KLqyKeMQfmY.

Phantom Pain

 Phantom pain is the intense discomfort experienced by approximately ninety percent of amputees (Rosenblum 142). It is thought to result from over exuberant neuroplasticity, in other words your neural networks are rewiring, reorganizing, and making new connections to compensate for damaged or adjusted ones. In the reading, phantom pain is discussed in Chapter Six through a man named Ben Curry who accidentally cut his toe which subsequently became afflicted with gangrene. Because the gangrene damage was so severe, he had to have his leg amputated. Curry reported his pain as moderate, and experienced symptoms such as itching, burning, and tingling in the missing toe and leg area. The symptoms Curry expressed are very common according to Amputee Coalition alongside some more moderate to severe ones (amputee-coalition.org). 

Photo Credit: The Lancet

I first heard of this condition through my uncle who lost his left leg in a freak accident: he was cutting down a tree that fell in the wrong direction and impaled his leg into the ground. Thankfully he was rushed to the hospital in time and while they were not able to save anything below the knee, they were able to save his life. While he is assisted through a prosthesis (artificial leg), his journey has not been easy. Not only does he have to overcome the challenges of not having a leg and the associated trauma of the event, but is also frequently symptomatic with phantom pains. He often reports a sharp stinging and intense pain that feels like shockwaves dispersing through his entire leg. Even with all of these inhibitors, my uncle avidly hunts, fishes, swims, landscapes, undergoes home DIY projects, works, and drives his truck - he has been doing so strongly and admirably for twenty years come this September.

There are many different ways to "treat" phantom pains through medicated means, non-medicated means, or a combination of both. Some examples include muscle relaxants, antidepressants, acupuncture, massage, and more (amputee-coalition.org). However, these approaches do not work for everyone and the length of time in which an amputee may experience phantom pain differs from person to person.

Works Cited

Rosenblum, L. D. (2010). See What I'm Saying: The Extraordinary Powers of Our Five Senses. W.W. Norton & Company.

Amputee Coalition. (n.d.). Managing Phantom Pain. https://www.amputee-coalition.org/limb-loss-resource-center/resources-for-pain-management/managing-phantom-pain/

Echolocation

 Echolocation 

Echolocation is the location of objects by reflected sound. This technique is used in animals like bats and dolphins. It was interesting to read how Kish and Bushway use echolocation to lead through mountain bike excursions. I Personally never heard of echolocation until reading the book. I found it interesting that echolocation is sound waves and echoes to determine where objects are in spaces. An example of echolocation is snapping fingers or making clicking noises through mouths. 

An example of echolocation in the book is “ Daniel Kish, and Brain Bushway are particularly adept echolocators, Besides mountain biking, they've used echolocation to hike, roller skate, skateboard, and play basketball, Along with his cane, echolocation is Kish principal way of navigating the world” (Pg 5). This example from the book, explains the understanding of how echolocation can be helpful for a technique to humans too. After reading about Echolocation, I believe this technique is important especially for blind individuals to learn their environment.  In other words, senses like sight are missing, Brain regions can adapt to process new input including, sound or touch. Also, I have attached a resource about how individuals can learn Echolocation in my references section.

Echolocation Images:

References:

Rosenblum, L. D. (2011). See what I'm saying: the extraordinary powers of our five senses. W.W. Norton.

Machemer, T. (2021, June 4). People Can Learn Echolocation in Ten Weeks. Smithsonian. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/study-shows-people-can-learn-echolocation-ten-weeks-180977889/.

Anosmia

    Anosmia is the loss of the sense of smell. It was extremely interesting to read through how Karl Wuensch's life was effected by his diagnosis of anosmia; installing special detectors for odors humans can naturally detect and taking extra caution when cooking. This section of the book allowed me to connect this to a situation lots of individuals are dealing with today. 

    With the whole COVID pandemic, one of the most common symptoms is losing your smell. (Thankfully) I haven't personally been effected by anosmia but some of the people I know lost their sense of smell months ago and still haven't regained it. Every couple of days or weeks, I see them sniffing very strong smelling candles and perfumes to see if they can smell a small hint of it. It's incredible to see how much smelling we actually do in our daily lives without even realizing it until it's gone.

    Being a health science major, I have always been interested in understanding how/why things happen to the body. I was able to find an article from Harvard Medical School that explained how COVID affects the olfactory cells that perceive smell and why it causes the loss of smell. The link is attached below:

https://hms.harvard.edu/news/how-covid-19-causes-loss-smell

Book Report

 Grit

The book I choose to do my book report on was Grit by Angela Duckworth. She uses her book to help shine light on how to succeed. This book is filled with information that will help you find the true qualities need to lead to achievement. Along with achieving goals the book talks about having an amazing and winning personal, powerful and insightful outlook. It also shows educators, students, parents and businesspeople the secrets to out of this world achievements. They show that this doesn’t just happen from talent but from trying your hardest and being persistence and never giving up. Grit also really went into the details of what goes through your head when life gets hard and you get knocked down. It explains that this doesn’t happen just because of luck or not being talented. In Grit it is shown that grit means passion and persistence when trying to achieve a long-term goal. When you have grit you are motivated and are on the track to achieve what you have in mind and nothing will stop you. In this book you get to learn and read all about that. I truly enjoy this book and would recommend it to anyone who just needs that little push to stay on the right path to achieve a big goal.

I all around love this book picking a favorite part is really hard for me but I really enjoy learning the five characteristics of Grit. In this book she states the five characteristics of Grit which are courage, conscientiousness: achievement Oriented Vs. Dependable, long-term goals and endurance follow through, resilience: optimism, confidence and creativity, and lastly excellence Vs. perfection. They all make complete since in pushing yourself to achieve what you are dreaming of achieving. The way she goes into such detail in this book and really explains how these all matter to help a person achieve what they want to achieve really just amazed me and inspired me. Each one is so extremely important, and I think everyone needs to read this book to fully understand that.

 

         This book relates to a lot that was learn in this class and I also could relate it a lot with my own personal life. In this course we learned all about people being impulsive and motivation along with so much more. Yet those three really stick with grit. Someone who has grit is the opposite of impulsive. They think out what they are doing, and they work hard to make sure it happens. There is nothing about someone with grit that is impulsive. Next some with grit is extremely motivated. This whole class motivation was huge and when a person has grit their motivation is through the roof. They have more motivation to achieve their long-term goal then anyone around them. It is so important to be motivated when trying to achieve a goal. This book made me want to do better and really give my goals my all. I am officially graduating college this summer and school has never come easy to me. I have been working very hard for years to achieve this accomplishment, so this book just really hit me. I believe personally to read or see others and hear about their grit and passion makes me more passionate about my goals. There is just something magically in seeing other achieve something they dream of that just makes me feel so good. This book was a pleasure to read and I recommend it to everyone.

Willpower

 https://www.hellomagazine.com/healthandbeauty/mother-and-baby/2020051789958/celebrity-parents-chocolate-challenge-test-kids-willpower/

Willpower is to have self-control and resit from doing something your not suppose to do or something you want to do but know you shouldn't. In this article it talks all about these celebrities doing this new challenge going around social media. Where parents putting candy in front of their children and then telling them not to eat it until they get back. The parent films as they walking away to see if they wait to eat it until they get back. Most of the children passed and had the willpower not to eat the candy while other had no willpower.  It is amazing to watch and see how most kids will not touch the candy as they are told. It makes you wonder how child under the ages of five have more willpower than some grown adults. Everyone on this earth has to face willpower one way or another. It isn't always easy but with strength it can be done.

Impulsive

 https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbescoachescouncil/2017/10/18/look-before-you-leap-17-ways-to-slow-down-impulsive-decisions/#4ae3558c4440

Being an impulsive person can make everyday decision challenging.  It is one thing to be able to make a decision easy but it is another to go to a decision without thinking. When someone makes an impulsive decision they are often found trying to deal with the consequences of their decision. I found this website that share helpful tips for those who struggle with impulsion. Some how the things they said to do to help stop being impulsive are giving yourself a second to take everything in. You do not need to answer right and can take a hour or a day to figure out what you really want your answer to be. Another thing to do is talking yourself through the process without just saying yes or no. Explain to yourself everything that could or could not happen being answering. Another thing on the list that stood out to me is to explore the benefits of patiences. This one is so important because if you are impulsive it is more likely that you lack patiences. Having patience can save you rom a lot and help you grow. This one I think is one of the most important ones on the list and could be most helpful for those who struggle with impulsion. 

Emotional Eating

 https://www.healthline.com/health/emotional-eating

People who emotionally eat do this because they are overwhelmed or stressed out normally. They can feel this way due to work, family drama or even relationship issues they all can tie together to cause emotional eating. This is typically found in women more often than it is in men. Those who emotionally eat do this because they feel they need to fill a void and they tend to use food to fill it. They rather feel full of full than feel nothing at all. It's just a way people cope sometimes and it can be very unhealthy. In this article they go over ways to help stop emotional eating. Doing things such as instead of eating to fill up try filling up on drinking water. This is a healthy replacement and sometimes water will give you a more filling feeling than eating even would. Another thing is do something to keep you moving and busy such as a new hobby or working out. Going for a walk or nike ride is an easy fix to keep you moving and not reaching for the food. Moving will also help with your moods and make you feel better. Emotional eating is a comfort thing and can be hard to stop so it is important to find a new way of comfort when stressed.

Sleight-of-Hand

In Chapter 9, we are taught how we are strongly drawn to imitate someone's gaze through magic tricks. The misdirection technique is "the action or process of directing someone to the wrong place or in the wrong direction." This is used in magic tricks to lead eye gaze. Recent research is showing how you are strongly drawn to imitate the gaze of another person with the use of sleight-of-hand technique which refers to " refers to fine motor skills when used by performing artists in different art forms to entertain or manipulate. It is closely associated with close-up magic, card magic, card flourishing and stealing." We don't see how the magician manipulates the props because we he is distracting us through his gaze. Instead of looking at what he is doing, we tend to look and focus where he is looking.

Structured Reflected Sound

Structure reflected sound is used by our brain to perceive properties of silent objects. It is the use of obstructed sound which has been reflected away from our ears. An acoustic hole is left where the obstruction is positioned. The book states, "while you may not have ever actively echolocated until today, your brain is likely using reflected sound all the time, mostly without your conscience awareness." It doesn't necessarily determine the size or shape of objects through reflected sound but it informs you of major structures in your immediate surroundings.

Out of body experiences

Neuroscientists are trying to understand out of body experiences instead of labeling them as paranormal. Like the rubber hand illusion which can be considered an out of body experience. During this illusion the body takes the rubber hand and adapts it to its own. In this article neuroscientist are giving logically explanations on why this is an occurrence that our mind create and not paranormal. https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/amp/articles/318464

Disney

Walt Disney created famous theme parks around the world. It’s no secret that all the rides and shops around the park have certain smells that trigger different emotions for guest. For example, on Main Street by the bakery Disney pumps out the smells of bake goods making guest more likely to go in and buy a treat. As we learned that smells trigger emotions in our brains which is also used as a advertising tactic but the Disney empire. https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=oxWvZs8dQoY