Anosmia

            Anosmia is when you lose your sense of smell. It can be temporary or long-lasting, affecting how a person can perceive odors. Many people with anosmia are uncured or it can be a challenge to treat. However, some treatments are available. After getting temporary anosmia due to Covid-19, I learned how much losing sense of smell can disrupt daily life. I lost interest in eating my favorite foods, because I couldn't taste them. Additionally, everything I ate tasted bland and had no flavor. This caused me to lose a few pounds, however, my smell did return after a few weeks.

Karl Wuensch described his experience with anosmia as having a new and unique appreciation for odors. After losing and regaining his smell many times, he found bliss in smelling distinct odors. He further explained that since his diagnosis, he has missed the smell of people more than anything else. His intimate and friendly interactions were interrupted by his lack of smell, and he even described it as, “not the same being with people when you can’t smell them” (Rosenblum, 2010, p. 154). Wuensch also felt that medical professionals and community members lacked an understanding of the aftereffects of anosmia. 

Source: How COVID-19 Causes Loss of Smell | Harvard Medical School

Phantom Pain

Losing a limb can be devastating and debilitating. Phantom pain is the sensation of pain or discomfort in a lost body part.  People who have had amputations frequently experience this, in which the amputated limb continues to cause discomfort even if it is no longer physically present. Researchers believe that phantom pain is caused by overexuberant neuroplasticity or the way the brain remembers pain signals. The nervous system signals between the spinal cord and the brain become mixed up, basically causing the brain to misinterpret the information it receives. Phantom pain can be short-term, or long-lasting. According to Cleveland Clinic (2023), phantom limb pain is very common in amputees, with 8 out of 10 people experiencing some form of this sensation. 

Phantom limb pain can be triggered by chest pain, temperature changes, shingles, stress, and smoking. Symptoms of phantom limb pain include burning or aching, itching, tingling, throbbing, or shooting pains. Pain relievers or antidepressants can combat the pain felt after an amputation. There are many other treatment options available as well to ease the pain. One way to trick the brain into reducing phantom pain is by using mirror therapy. Mirror therapy is completing movement exercises in front of a mirror using the healthy limb. Repeating these exercises using the reflection of a mirror allows the phantom pain to reduce because over time the brain believes two limbs are present. 

Source: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448188/

Speech Perception: It's not all Talk

    Speech perception can be defined as the process in which sounds of language are heard, interpreted and understood. Speech is typically viewed as the primary way of communicating and often speech needs to be heard via the auditory sense in order to be understood. However speech is not simply spoken, it is multisensory, and for those who may be missing a sense, language can still be spoken. Starting with the basics of speech and a conversation between two people. When listening to the sounds or tone of voice a person uses you can usually gather a lot about the conversation as well as what the other person may be feeling, and this may aid you in the ability to respond back.  Besides just using the auditory sense you can use your visual senses as well.  When you and another person are having a conversation you often watch them a lot for visual cues that might also go along with what they are talking about. If a person is talking with a wide grin and they are moving their arms around frantically, you can come to the very quick assumption that they are excited or happy. Visual aids of body language are huge in having a conversation and understanding social cues.

    But what if you don’t have all of your senses? The definition of speech perception states that it is the sound of language being heard, interpreted and understood; However if you're deaf or blind, or even both, hearing the sound of conversation is not the type of way you interpret speech and or language. There are two ways for those who are deaf or hearing impaired to still perceive speech. 

    For those who are deaf there is Sign language, here in the states it is American Sign Language (ASL) and is used by most of the deaf and hearing impaired community in America and Canada. ASL is described as a complete and organized visual language that is expressed by employing both manual and non manual features. ASL is a type of speech perception for those who can not hear or have trouble hearing sounds being spoken or made to them. Visuals are very important in ASL, body language and face emotion is important for relaying tone and feeling and the hand sign often needs to be visible to be understood.

For those who are deaf and blind there is something called the Tadoma method, which was used often by Hellen Keller, this is a multisensory form of speech perception. Those who are blind and deaf would touch the face, throat, and hands to track movements of ASL, facial expressions, as well as understand tone through vibrations, and words through lip reading by touch.

    These are a few examples of how even when missing the auditory sense there is still a way to perceive speech. The definition of speech perception is not at a whole very inclusive to those who may be experiencing from some form of sense impairment.

Tasting What You Smell: Connection Between Taste and Smell

Have you ever wondered why a plate of food may taste bland when you have a cold or stuffy nose? Or why certain smells can instantly bring you back to a specific memory? The answers lie in the relationship between taste and smell. These two senses work together creating our perception of flavor. “Smell mostly affects taste not from inhaling odors into the nostrils, but from the odors that enter your nasal passages through the back of your mouth.”(Rosenblum, 2010). This type of smell is called retronasal. 

Taste and smell are distinct senses, but they are closely linked. Taste, which occurs on the tongue, allows us to detect basic sensations like sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and umami. On the other hand, smell, which takes place in the nose, enables us to identify and differentiate various odors.

When we eat or drink something, molecules from the food are released into the air in our mouth and travel up into our nasal cavity allowing odors to pass across your nasal passage. The olfactory receptors in our nose come into contact with these molecules, sending signals to the brain, which then combines the information from taste and smell to create the perception of flavor.

Photo Link: https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/taste/2012/taste-and-smell

References: See What I'm Saying, Rosenblum, 2010

The Chameleon Effect

We imitate people all the time unconsciously. Have you ever noticed yourself beginning to sound or use the same mannerisms as the person you spend the most time with? Whenever we interact with people, we slightly mimic parts of their speech, facial expressions, and behavior. Humans have this natural tendency that contributes to achievements in perception, coordination, and social interactions. When we take in subtle information about others, it allows us to imitate people without our awareness. 

Not only can body posture and verbal communication be mimicked, but so can our facial expressions, called covert facial mimicry. This is when we mirror others' emotional expressions. For example, mimicking a smile or worried look. Covert facial mimicry serves important functions, such as building social connections and empathizing with others' emotions. According to Rosenblum (2010), the chameleon effect is, “our unconscious tendency to mimic the postures, mannerisms, and facial expressions of other people” (p. 388). From just a few weeks after birth, we start imitating facial expressions, portraying our innate tendency to mimic others throughout our lives. 

Although most of the time imitating is unconscious, there have been times I have noticed myself copying others whether it's in my mannerisms or how I speak. I agree that this can build social connections because it shows that we can relate to and understand other people. 

 

The Rubber Hand Illusion

     Our brains work in miraculous ways using our senses to determine many factors in our lives. The rubber hand illusion is a significant example that shows one's perception of touch. During this concept an individual is set a table with both palms face down in front of them, a wooden divider is then placed to the right of the left hand, the hand is then replaced with a rubber one, a cloth is placed over both the right arm and rubber arm. The setup of this illusion helps the individual focus specifically on the two hands in front of them. The experimenter would then take a brush a stroke the rubber hand and the hidden left hand synchronously. The movement of the brush has to be done at the exact same time for this to work otherwise the brain can see the difference through visual perception.

    After the period of time of stoking the hands the individual's brain will see and feel as if the rubber hand is actually their left hand. To prove this point a sadistic act will take place such as a hammer making the fake hand or a violent bend to one of the fingers. This would cause a reaction out of the individual as their brain proceeded to the rubber one as their own. While this illusion does not create actual pain to the individual it causes an initial reaction when the fake hand is messed with. Our sense of touch in this case is effected through synchronized brush strokes showing that our visual perception is connected to what we feel.

Photo source: https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/when-brain-gets-hacked-doctor-hits-fake-hand-with-hammer-man-feels-pain-5530927.html

See What I'm Saying

The McGurk Effect

        The McGurk effect is a concept that scientists have studied over the years to determine how our bodies perceive a sound that is being mouthed in front of us versus one being verbally said behind us. In other words, if an individual were to say the syllable ba behind us and then an individual were to mouth ga in front of us our brains would not perceive either of them. Our brains typically will find the middle ground between what we are seeing and hearing. In the instance above our brains would combine the two with a result of da. 

    With this perceptual phenomenon of speech perception, our brains are forming a third sound from the sound we are physically hearing and one that we are seeing. This concept has been studied and has shown it is more than just a multisensory perception. It is an automatic and unconscious response that happens when our visual and speech senses emerge together. This leads to a deeper understanding of the type of facial information that is required for visual speech perception. The McGurk effect has also been proven to work with different genders, recognizable faces and voices, and different languages making it a diverse illusion.

sources: See What I'm Saying

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00725/full

Photo source: https://kids.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frym.2022.705956

Proxy Touch

      Our sense of touch is key to identification, knowledge, and direction. One way we use the sense is through Proxy touch. This is when an individual uses a probe or tool to touch something which then allows one to learn the different factors of the object. Using the tool to navigate an object can tell the individual what the object may be, the material, its location, and its size. 

 

      An example of this would be an individual who has a visual impairment using a vision stick to navigate the surroundings. The stick can tell an individual where there is a step, curb, opening in a room, or any other obstacle they might run into. They rely on proxy touch in their everyday lives to ensure their own safety. This concept could also be used when cooking. By using a spoon or a spatula the individual can tell the the consistency of whatever is being made. In this instance, the stirring would be the motion relied on to inform one whether it is done or if other ingredients are needed. Proxy touch plays a huge role in the lives of those who are visually impaired and those who aren't.

Photo source: https://www.bbc.com/news/disability-34855311

Source: See What I'm Saying

Anosmia- More Than Just the Loss of Smell

                    Do you ever remember as a child taking liquid medicine and absolutely hating it? Or, better yet, do you remember your parents telling you to plug your nose while swallowing so you won't taste it?  Well, as odd as it sounds, they were right. The fact is, we need our sense of smell to taste things. As a matter of fact, 80% of taste comes from smell (Rosenblum, 2010, pg. 85). How odd is that? For all of our lives, we all assumed that our tongues are the reason for the flavors we taste. But, our sense of smell doesn't just help formate taste, it also aids in memory, attractiveness, and fight or flight. But, what is to happen if someone is to lose their sense of smell entirely?

                    There is an answer to this question. That is, a person who loses their sense of smell completely will then be diagnosed with anosmia. Being anosmic is more than just losing your sense of smell, it is a lot more complicated and devastating than it sounds. People will hear anosmia and think it is the least affected sense to worry about over being deaf or blind. What they don't realize, is, it is almost just as challenging. Obviously, we all would rather have our sense of sight over smell, but the complications are the same in quantity as being blind. When you lose your sense of smell, it actually alters your relationships with others. Everyone has their own scent. People's individual scents have an influence on our judgments, both good and bad. Losing smell can make a person less attractive to you, so it will actually alter the way you would have interacted with the person if you were to smell them. Apparently, we choose our mates off scent because we humans release this odor that is hormonal called MHC (Rosenblum, 2010, pg. 110). So, if we can't smell the MHC, we will have trouble choosing a partner, and or connecting in a relationship. 

                    Anosmic people also lose touch with their memory as well. Think about a perfume or cologne that you used to wear in high school, middle school, or whenever. We get this euphoric feeling when we smell these old perfumes and get some flashbacks from our past. Or, think about a recipe a deceased loved one used to make. If someone were to cook it again, you would get a memory of that person and remember old moments you had with that person. However, with anosmia, you can't smell memory. You can't get this vivid emotional attachment to smell. Or, use a dog for example. In any situation, your dogs remember us by smell. If at a dog park, they look for our scent to return back to their owners. Without smell, we can't, as I mentioned before, put a scent on the people around us. So, we can't remember by smell who is who. We can only rely on sound, sight, and touch. 

                    Now, here comes the fight or flight. Going back to the book, your ability to judge the pleasantness of smell determines whether or not something is approachable or not (Rosenblum, 2010, pg. 93). Here is an example, if you smell smoke, your initial thought is to run. Or, if you smell food in the kitchen, you often get up and go take a look at what you are about to eat. Without smell, one cannot determine whether they are in danger or not. 

                    Overall, it is clear all of our senses are connected together. They influence the world around us. No matter how simple the interactions are to us. So, in this case, if we were to lose our smell, we also lose other perceptions in our bodies. As well as struggles within our environment. At the end of the day, it is important to know anosmia is more than just the loss of smell.

Echolocation Experiment at Home

                    The definition of echolocation is just as it sounds. Using your own voice to echo off objects around your environment. It is a method used by not only bats, but humans as well. Blind people use this method to navigate around their world. As we know, blind individuals cannot see. Or, if they can, it is slight. Without sight, one can imagine the challenges that emerge in one's life. The loss of sight allows other senses to come through and play as the "eyes" of the body. In this case, the use of auditory sense kicks in and enhances as a way for blind individuals to hear sight. This type of takeover is what we call cross-sensory perception. A way to better describe this is through the textbook See What I'm Saying: The Extraordinary Powers of Our Five Senses. In the book, the author states, with sensory loss, the visual brain responds to sound and touch. While the auditory brain can respond to touch and sight (Rosenblum 2010, pg. 297). In other words, if one is to lose their vision, they can use their hands to feel how things look and sound to determine location.

                                    

 

                          If there is one thing to know about echolocation, it is, you don't have to be blind to use it. Anyone can use echolocation. I'll prove it. Take a plate from your pantry, this won't take up any time at all. Pick the plate up and keep it at arm's length distance. Now, blow and move the plate closer. Notice as you approach your face, you can hear the force of air sound louder. Then, if you push it away from your face, the sound fades away and gets quieter. One last trick to do to really hear the difference is to blow and move the plate back and forth in a fast motion. Watch not to hit your face of course! You will notice again, when the plate is close to your face, the sound of air blowing out is louder. From the speed, it will sound like a small siren. The difference is noticeable. But, the fact is, you will notice as the sound got louder, you knew to stop and move the plate away. This auditory approach allows you to hear the future as well. Your brain knows the louder the sound, the closer the plate, time to stop. Although, your brain over-anticipates, giving yourself time to react and protect yourself. It allows your fight or flight to completely kick in (Rosenblum, 2010, pg. 54). Giving blind people enough time to react and move out of harm's way, as well as ensuring not to bump into things. 

Everyone Smells Differently

I learned that everyone has their own unique scent, even twins but humans also smell differently from each other. The smell of your face wash can smell like candy but to others it wont. The receptors in our nose control the sensors which decides how we smell odors. There is 400 genetic codes for the receptors in our nose and many more variations of these genes. When the receptors of two people are compared, it is usually 30 percent different from each other. When one person smell an odor their receptors that are activated and the signal sent to the brain can be different from the next person.

I want to also mention olfactory disorders like Phantosmia and Parosmia that anyone can obtain. Phantosmia is when a person is often smelling something even though their is nothing around them, basically hallucinating scents. This can be caused from a brain injury, sinus or upper respiratory infections and more. Parosmia is when a person's smell is altered, something like their go to perfume would now have a garbage smell. This would happen because the receptors in the nose do not detect the odors and send the signals to the brain incorrectly. This can also be obtained by brain injuries, brain tumors, sinus infections and more.

Duke Today Staff. (2013, December). No Two People Smell the Same. Duke Today. https://today.duke.edu/2013/12/hiroodor

Sreenivas, S. (2023, May). What is Parosmia?. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-parosmia

WebMD. (n.d.). Phantosmia: Is your nose playing tricks on you?. WebMD. https://www.webmd.com/brain/what-is-phantosmia

Multi-sensory Perception- How We Taste Things

            When it comes to taste, we often assume that what we taste comes from the sensory buds on our tongues.  Well, it is so much more than that. We can actually smell, touch, see, and even, hear taste. This is what we call, multi-sensory perception. Essentially, multi-sensory perception is when our brains use multiple senses to work together and perceive the environment around us. According to the textbook See What I'm Saying: The Extraordinary Powers of Our Five Senses, not only do all of your senses have direct influences on taste. They also all have indirect influences on taste that work together and influence each other (Rosenblum, 2010, pg. 134). Working together to enhance the experience of taste. 

            An example of how multi-sensory perception works on taste can be seen by simply eating a salad. Imagine you have a bowl of Caesar dressing salad in front of you. Before you even take a bite, you smell the dressing and the mixed ingredients. This on its own already enhances the way the entire dish will taste. Essentially, the odor of the salad creates this expectation in your head as you can already imagine what the meal will taste like. Your brain uses memory as well to distinguish the flavors. Now, when you take a bite, the crunching sound of the salad and croutons creates this pleasurable flavor as it works together with texture. This coincides with touch, as people have preferences for the feeling of what they eat. After all, having a soggy salad would actually create a displeasing taste in one's mouth. Speaking of pleasing, the entire sight of the salad itself is what also makes the food taste better, on top of the taste it provides. The appearance of food influences how appetizing one might perceive their meals (Rosenblum, 2010, pg. 123). A huge role in this is seen through color and memory. If you don't see the food you are used to eating, you won't entirely find it as appealing or interesting as you normally would. Or, if the meal, in this case the salad, has dull colors to it, you might look at it as flavorless. On top of all these senses, the obvious one that works with these is taste. As we start to chew, all the flavors of what was in the bowl combined together and create this salty palate from the cheese, dressing, and lettuce (and if you were to add chicken). 

           Overall, it isn't just taste that uses multi-sensory perception, all the senses use it. The example above is just a depiction of how taste is enhanced and or distinguished through more than just our tongues. We don't even realize the small inputs we take in every day. Think of it this way, we know by memory what water looks like. If someone were to give you a class and said it is water, but it had a yellow tint to it, we wouldn't find it appealing at all. By using our eyes, we were able to "taste" how unappealing it is. Even if it had a weird odor, we can smell how unappetizing it taste as well. So, take notice the next time you eat something. Make a note in your brain of all the senses you never really realized before. Notice how they all work together to make the perfect flavor. 

Mirror Neurons- Your Brain Is Imitating all the Time

 Before Neurophysiologist Giacomo Rizzolatti and his colleagues discovered a class of cells called "mirror neurons", scientists were under the impression that the brain has a set way to control and coordinate your body. Before Rizzolatti, it was believed that there were set parts of your brain responsible for action planning, meaning if you want to control or move your body your brain has the premotor and parietal cortexs to help you do so. In the mid 90s Rizzolatti how cells in the motor area of a monkey's brain was associated with planning hand and mouth movements. They were monitoring the cells while the monkey was grabbing raisins and eating them. Once the monkey took a break from eating the raisins, an experimenter reached for the raisins. Although the monkey did not reach for the raisins, it watched the experimenter do so and parts of the motor brain (motor cells) reacted as if the monkey was the one reaching for the raisins. Basically "monkey see, monkey brain do". 

The researchers later found that certain motor cells responded to certain type of stimulation, for example seeing an action being performed involving a hand movement resulted in the cells corresponded with hand movements to be triggered. Same with mouth movements. They classified these cells as "mirror neurons". With time scientists found that there are different subtypes of mirror neurons, some respond to very definitive details of actions. For example a subtype may be responsive to the specific movement of someone using their thumb and index finger grasping an object. Another subtype may be responsive to the broad movement of using any part of the hand to grab the object. Many of these mirror neurons respond to multisensory information; for example, the cells that interpret hand tapping actions are responsive to both the sight and sound of the tapping. Even if the actual target that is being grabbed is visually obstructed, the mirror neurons can basically assume that the subject is going to grab something. This has some scientists thinking, these mirror neurons don't only registered a recognized action, they register the subjects' (animal or human) intention, although it is a controversial idea. 

Pictured here is Neurophysiologist Giacomo Rizzolatti

Attractiveness and Reproduction

 An individual's physical attraction to another person plays an active role in reproduction. Markus Jokela ran a study in 2010 for "Physical attractiveness and reproductive success in humans: Evidence from the late 20th century United States". Jokela gathered that very attractive women had 6% more children than their less attractive counterparts. In comparison, men in the lower threshold had 13% fewer children than men with the average number of children. These associations are not fully accounted for but can be a factor in increased marriage probability.

Due to physical attractiveness playing a part in seeking partners, people evolved to seek individuals they are physically attracted to as partners. Physical attractiveness has not been examined directly for increased fertility but does expect attractive people to have higher chances of reproductive success. In a 2007 study, Kanazawa argued that beautiful parents have more daughters than sons because attractiveness is biased toward sex. A female offspring is expected to benefit from genetics by inheriting "attractiveness" compared to male offspring.

Jokela believes that people searching for a partner to have children with are less likely to pick a beautiful partner because beautiful mates are more likely to leave them for another partner.

Predicting adult sociodemographic and fertility outcomes by adolescent attractiveness.

	Predicted outcome
	Years of marriage	Education	Interbirth interval	Male offspring (%)
Women (n=1244)
Not attractive	16.7(16.1–17.3)	13.2 (13.0–13.4)	2.81 (2.57–3.06)	52.9 (49.4–56.3)
Moderately attractive	17.2(16.2–17.8)	13.2 (13.0–13.4)	2.92 (2.67–3.19)	50.1 (46.5–53.6)
Attractive	18.0(17.4–18.6)	13.3 (13.1–13.6)	2.82 (2.58–3.07)	50.5 (47.2–53.8)
Very attractive	18.0(17.4–18.7)	13.4 (13.3–13.6)	3.09 (2.83–3.36)	53.1 (49.7–56.5)
p for linear trend	0.001	0.05	0.05	0.89
Men (n=997)
Not attractive	23.8 (22.9–24.7)	14.2 (14.0–14.5)	3.44 (3.06–3.84)	53.6(50.3–57.0)
Moderately attractive	24.5(23.6–25.4)	13.9 (13.6–14.1)	3.30 (2.94–3.68)	52.0 (50.0–54.2)
Attractive	25.2(24.3–26.1)	14.1 (13.8–14.4)	3.20 (2.85–3.58)	50.4 (48.2–52.5)
Very attractive	24.9(24.0–25.8)	13.8 (13.5–14.1)	3.26 (3.00–3.75)	48.7(45.5–51.9)
p for linear trend	0.05	0.12	0.56	0.07

Sites:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3000557/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022519306003079?casa_token=sxVIupjBIlAAAAAA:5Dksfy_pun8P-11hw3z3Jq5XuLyKOytMFh42Lf7b3IGxv3uzIO0KLgnVezxuGGFcaFJj5_ezBM0

You Read Lips- The McGurk effect

Through development from birth, humans have an automatic tendency to read lips. It is part of the way we interpret communication subconsciously. When we are in a loud room trying to talk to someone you lip read. If we are talking to someone with an accent and is a little harder to understand, we lip read. Even if you are not in a loud room or talking to someone with an accent, we still lip read. It's a part of human nature from the first language you learn until the day you die, you will lip read subconsciously (or consciously). Whenever you are able to see the person who is communicating with you, you use their lips (and facial information/expressions) to better enhance the words coming out of their mouth.  

The McGurk effect is a phenomenon introduced by cognitive psychologist Harry McGurk and it demonstrates how much the brain relies on the use visual speech information when communicating through auditory speech. The McGurk effect is an illusion where you are hearing one sound, being shown a second sound but what your hearing is being overridden by what you are seeing. Here is how to test out this phenomenon; Get two friends and have one stand in front of you, and one behind you. Have the friend standing behind you repeat "ba, ba, ba..." and in the same time have the friend in front of you mouthing "va, va, va". Although to begin you do hear your friend saying the ba syllable behind you, but as you focus on the friend in front of you that "ba" sound turns into a "va" sound. In the labratory of Lawrence Rosenblum, they found that the visible "va" overrides the auditory "ba" 98% of the time. That's important to consider because that is proof lip reading is an important part of auditory communication. 

The McGurk effect can occur in many different ways, another example is hearing a sound, being shown a second sound, but hearing a third undisclosed sound. For instance, you have two friends like in the first experiment, one behind and one in front, and they are both saying two different syllables "ba" behind and "ga" being mouthed in front. While you are focusing on your friend in front, you are perceiving the "ba" as third noise, "da". In this case, your being compromised between what you're seeing and hearing and this is why. If you articulate those three syllables, "ba", "ga", and "da" slowly you will realize that "ba" "da" and "ga" are all correlated in the sense of how you use your mouth to articulate those words. 

If you do want to test this phenomenon and you are alone, there are videos on youtube of people performing the McGurk effect, they have an audio going on in the background while they are mouthing a different syllable/word. 

Sommelier

A sommelier is a knowledgeable wine professional who specializes in all areas of wine service. They often work in fine dining restaurants, hotels, wineries, or wine shops, assisting customers in selecting and enjoying wines that compliment their meals or personal preferences. When offering matching recommendations, they examine factors such as acidity, sweetness, tannins, and the overall balance of a wine. This ability to establish harmonious mixtures improves the eating experience by allowing customers to completely appreciate the flavors of both the cuisine and the wine.

That all being said, Sommeliers have a heightened sense of taste in order for this all to be possible. Although some people are born sensitive to different tastes, a lot of Sommeliers undergo sensory training programs that focus on enhancing their ability to identify and describe the various components of a wine, such as acidity, sweetness, tannins, and aromas. These programs include exercises like blind tastings, where sommeliers taste wines without knowing their identities to sharpen their ability to detect subtle differences. From there sommeliers learn about the interplay of flavors and how they interact with various types of cuisine by tasting wines. They can identify which wines will compliment or enhance specific cuisines by examining the flavor profiles of wines. They can use this talent to create balanced and memorable meal and wine pairings that enhance the dining experience.

ECHOLOCATION

Some animals, including some humans, have a unique ability called echolocation. It resembles having a built-in sonar system similar to the one used by submarines. Using vocalizations, such as a click or a shout, sound waves are carried via the water or the air. The sound then returns like an echo when it strikes an object. The individuals or animals may determine the location of the items, their distance from them, and occasionally even what they appear to be by carefully listening to these echoes. It's similar to employing sound waves to virtually "see" the environment around them even though they are blind. They can navigate, obtain food, and avoid obstacles thanks to their ability.

In everyday life, Echolocation can help people with visual impairments become more independent and mobile. They can confidently move through crowded areas, find specific objects in their environment, and navigate busy streets by intentionally listening to the echoes rebounding off nearby objects. They can comfortably navigate the world thanks to echolocation, which also improves their general quality of life and makes it possible for them to engage in a variety of activities to a greater extent.

In the book, See What I'm Saying: The Extraordinary Powers of Our Five Senses, A cool example of this was when the author spoke about how the blind use Echolocation while biking in different terrains. His example showed how those trained to echolocate were able to pick up on even the smallest rock that might get in their way. Biking is an activity that must originally feel impossible to those who are visually impaired, however learning to echolocate gives them a new sense of individuality.

ANOSMIA

The term "anosmia" describes a partial or total loss of scent perception. It can affect people of all ages and be either temporary or permanent. Nasal congestion, head trauma, certain drugs, neurological conditions, and viral infections like the common cold or influenza are just a few of the causes of anosmia. In recent years, Anosmia has been more publicized as it has been linked to Covid 19!

This specifically caught my attention due to the fact that my mother lost her smell after having covid. She struggled with smell and also has explained to me how it has shifted her taste more than she expected. It's been 2 years and she still has not been able to smell. After reading the book about the condition and looking into it on my own I am realizing that she most likely now suffers from anosmia. 

The absence of smell, or anosmia, can significantly affect daily life. Several parts of our daily activities are impacted by our sense of smell, which is essential to our total sensory experience. For instance, eliminating the capacity to smell might significantly alter how we perceive flavor. Because the complex sensations we ordinarily experience are entwined with our sense of smell, food may start to taste less good and appear less attractive. This may result in a decrease in appetite and associated food habit changes. Anosmia can also compromise one's sense of smell, which is crucial for detecting things like gas leaks, rotting food, and smoke.  Something as simple as smell can impact someone's life hugely and that is something those with Anosmia have to experience everyday.

You Can Taste Scenes- Tongue Display Unit (TDU)

 

Picture A shows the Tongue Display Unit (TDU)

The tongue display unit is a version of a tactile aid device that helps visually impaired individuals in conveying visual material by using the tongue. Tactile aid devices developed after the invention of the video camera, and the original development was made in the 1960s. It included a video camera that converted its images through an array of 400 small electrodes that were placed on the back of a user. The posts would vibrate depending on what was being shown on the screen, they would have a specific pattern of vibration for specific images. The subject would then guess what was being shown through the camera based off the vibrations on their back. To begin, the subjects were not able to decipher what the vibrations meant, they were just vibrations. With as little as a few hours, the subjects were able to analyze the patterns and create a mental image of what is being "shown" to them. It is not only able to work when the electrodes are on the subjects back, it is able to be moved around the exterior of their body and it would have no effect on their analyzation of the image. this goes to show that the brain portrays the skin as a sense organ that can distinguish patterns of touch.

Picture B shows the original version of visual tactical aid device created by Neuroscientist Dr. Paul Bach-y-Rita

Now, the tongue display unit is the newest of the tactile aid devices and it doesn't go on the external part of the body, it goes internal, on the tongue. The tongue is a very sufficient part of the body for a touch array because its receptors are not only close to the skins surface, but the saliva from the tongue gives electrical conduction. The touch brain is susceptible to tongue stimulation, making the tongue a better than most of the external skin.  The array uses small, low voltage electrical transducers unlike the original invention that used intense vibrations. In recent studies when blind subjects use the TDU continuously it activates their visual brain regions.

Picture C shows the electrode array

When using the TDU, the array is placed on your tongue and the transducers send the low-voltage electrical current to your tongue in the pattern of the image's being shown on the screen. It is similar to its predecessors in the event of using vibrations/electrical currents to give the subject a visual of what is being seen on the screen. Within a few minutes to hours, subjects are able to recognize what is being shown for example shapes and numbers. With practice subjects should be able to move through a cluttered room, avoiding obstacles. Because the TDU is low energy, it means there are less components that are bulky making it easily portable.  They may even be able to stop a ball from rolling off a table, it is truly miraculous how this type of tactical aid can give better quality of life.

The Perception of Beauty and Attraction

    Ever wonder what's your type? How does facial symmetry and the perception of beauty affect attraction? It starts back to when we are very young, as it has been proven that babies prefer attractive faces and symmetrical faces over any other. Symmetry within faces are more easily perceived as well as recognizable, so if a baby is staring at your face they are studying the patterns within the symmetry of your face as well as forming some sort of recognition. Our brains naturally look for patterns, this helps to better make decisions as well seek more attractive faces. This is why our brains seek out more symmetrical faces because more patterns can be found within the features. Scientists found then when manipulating the facial symmetry of an individual they can study how it's attractive, and how it compared to the natural symmetry of the face in the perception of beauty. The results were a gradient: when symmetry was decreased on a face it was less attractive, when the face was increased in symmetry it was found attractive ( mirror images of a face), and the more naturally symmetrical faces were the most attractive. 

                              

    While symmetry plays a large role in the perception of attractiveness and beauty, it is also based in cultural and evolutionary differences. Humans are more attracted to a number of things some of them culturally significant and other biological features, we have an ability to inherently distinguish between attractive and unattractive faces, yet the perception of beauty is based on a number of things. Along with symmetry, skin homogeneity (even skin tone, smoothness of skin, reflectiveness of skin, winkles, and facial contrast), sexual dimorphism (sex-typical characteristics), and youthfulness all contribute to the perception of a beautiful face. It is important to note that beauty perception and standards also change depending on cultural backgrounds and even race and ethnicity. 

    Beauty is often perception based though there is also biological factors. In the age of social media the standards and perception of beauty has changed, and broadened peoples view of attractiveness. The rise of social media has caused for a globalization in the difference of attractiveness, beauty, and beauty trends. 

Lip Reading

 Lip reading is an extremely useful tool for people who are hearing impaired, it makes conversations super easy for them. Deaf people will watch the body, hands, and mouth of the person they are listening to, to understand what they are saying and which tone and volume they are using. The struggle with this is that many words sound similar which can start confusion. Most rhyming words can screw up someone who is lip reading, but with proper context clues the lip reader can more easily make out which words the speaker is saying. There are other factors that can mess up a lip reader such as people that talk super fast or have a lot of facial hair. 

One of my best friends is hearing impaired and if his hearing aids die he tends to read our lips when we are hanging out. He doesn't use this everyday so he is not great at it but he can make most of the words out with context clues and focus. By him doing this it shows how impressive of a skill this is, it's like learning a whole nother language. You can only really learn this skill too if you are someone who is hard of hearing because you can unintentionally cheat if you try to learn and you can hear.